Who Are Asias Worst Dictators

Egyptian Pyramids And The Pyramids - 1633 Words

The Egyptian pyramids were an important aspect of the Egyptian life and culture constructed around 2500 BCE with their geographical location being at the West bank of the River Nile. The three pyramids on the Giza plateau were built in a span of three generations by three Pharaohs namely Khafre, Menkaure and Khufu. These monuments are unsurpassed in terms of height and mass with the architects of the pyramids building them in a way that they could face the setting sun as they served as a resting place for the dead. In stead of that, each pyramid acted as a royal mortuary which included a temple on its base and a causeway which was made out of stone leading from the east of the plateau. These temples were used by the living to honor the†¦show more content†¦The completion of the upper hemisphere of the Pantheon is connected to a hypothetical lower hemisphere that touches the central point of the floor. This central point is referred to as the Oculus and has an opening of abou t 8.3 meters wide at the top of the cupola that serves as the only source of light for the building as shown in figure 1.1. Its basic design was devised in a way whereby the portico had columns attached to a rotunda with a dome shape. An intermediate block was put in between the rectilinear portico and the round rotunda to help in transition between the two. Its walls are made from concrete that is brick faced which was witnessed in most ancient buildings and the Roman aqua ducts. The concrete of the dome was graded into 6 layers with the architects mixing scoria and a low-density volcanic rock at the top of the dome as derived from Tod Marder and Mark Wilson. Scholars have indicated that Egypt was a kingdom formed and united under a single ruler in which the government was centralized thus enhancing engagement between the political elite and the citizens. Earlier Egyptian Pharaohs had absolute power owing to the fact that they appointed members of the royal family to prestigious positions but with time the government positions became hereditary and most of the districtShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Pyramids And The Pyramids960 Words   |  4 PagesEGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS For centuries, people have thought that pyramid have been constructed by the extraterrestrials while many others believed that the Egyptians might have owned or possessed a technology that’s been lost through the ages. Here, in this research paper, let us see what the findings are of researchers, scholars, archaeologists, physicists and professors around the world. The three pyramids of Giza are one of the mysterious ancient architecture in today’s world where people from all aroundRead MoreThe Egyptian Pyramids849 Words   |  4 Pagesare engaged columns is means they are attached. The capitals are important because it is the earliest known stone columns in the history of architecture. 2. The Egyptian Pyramids were built as Pharaohs Burial Chambers. The pyramids were built out of solid blocks of quarried limestone of the Gizeh. The techniques of building the pyramid were hypothesize the work men had to cut into the rock and move large blocks roughly equal size using copper chisels and wooden mallets. They also cut deep intoRead More The Egyptian Pyramids Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Egyptian Pyramids When most people think of Ancient Egypt they think of Pyramids. To construct such great monuments required a mastery of architecture, social organization, and art that few cultures of that period could achieve. The oldest pyramid, the Step-Pyramids, grow out of the abilities of two men, King Djoser and Imhotep. Djoser, the second king of 3rd dynasty, was the first king to have hired an architect, Imhotep, to design a tomb (Time-Life Books, 74). Imhotep was known asRead MoreEgyptian Pyramids Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesWhen most people mention Ancient Egypt the first thing that comes to mind is the Pyramids. To construct such monuments required a mastery of art, architecture and social organization that few cultures would ever rival. The pyramids are said to have built Egypt by being the force that knit together the kingdoms economy. Their creations were so substantial, that the sight of these vast pyramids would take your breath away. Today, the valley of the Nile has an open air museum so people can witnessRead More Egyptian Pyramids Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesWorld that time has passed down to us. These are, of course, the great pyramids of ancient Egypt. But these imposing st ructures were not built to impress civilization millennia down the road. The pyramids in fact had a purpose to the ancient Egyptians. While they seem very simple in nature, as they are simply four-sided pyramids with square bases, they had a meaning for those that had them built. Even by today’s standards, the pyramids of ancient Egypt were an impressive feat of engineering, due to theirRead MoreExtraterrestrials and Ancient Egyptian Pyramids1929 Words   |  8 PagesThe great pyramids of Giza-the last of the 7 wonders of the world still standing to this day. How these marvels of construction came to be has been a mystery for many. It has boggled the minds of even scholars, so much so that they have amassed numerous theories as to how these behemoths of ancient structures were built. Many have come to the conclusion that the challenge of building the great pyramids was far too much for the humans of that time to accomplish. The conclusion many have come to isRead MoreThe C ryptic Secrets Of Egyptian Pyramids1719 Words   |  7 PagesSecrets of Egyptian Pyramids The pyramid-shaped masonry architectures are called Pyramids, and there are eighty of them known as ancient Egyptian Pyramids. The Egyptian Pyramids are the products of a slavery country, but they are also the great accomplishments of ancient people. Since the first discovery of the Egyptian Pyramids, many scientists have been dedicated in ancient Egypt study. After years of researching on the earliest Egyptian Pyramid, Pyramid of Djoser, and the most famous Egyptian PyramidRead MoreThe Ancient Egyptian Civilization And The Egyptian Pyramids1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Ancient Egyptian civilization was one that lasted nearly thirty centuries, from around 3100 B.C. to 332 B.C. This is an impressive feat for any society to be able to conquer. In these thousands of years, the Pharaohs and their people were able to build structures of massive scale that rival the buildings built in the 21st century. The Egyptian Pyramids were not only massive, but they had extremely precise measureme nts that make them unfathomably impressive to anyone who understands the exactnessRead MoreTraveling to the Egyptian Pyramids Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesto the Egyptian Pyramids, the child said to Santiago â€Å" If you come here, you will find a hidden treasure† the child was about to show him the exact location, he woke up. The gypsy women told him that is a difficult dream to interpret but the interpretation was that he need to go to the Egyptian Pyramids and he will find a treasure and become a rich man and if he found his treasure he should give the gypsy women one-tenth of it. The boy started his journey to the Egyptian Pyramids; he wasRead More Egyptian And Mexican Pyramids Essay2158 Words   |  9 Pagesget inside of the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids and discover the treasures of Egyptian pharaohs and Mayan rulers. Most of what we know about Egypt we owe to the pyramids. Thanks to Egyptian belief in the afterlife we can now find out about the civilization that existed nearly five thousand years ago. Egyptian culture is not the only culture that left us its heritage in pyramids. In America we find pyramids build by civilizations of Olmec and Maya about 7th century CE. These pyramids had different purposes

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Question: Discuss about the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Answer: Introduction Asia is the most populous and diverse continent of the world and with continuous socioeconomic development with the enhanced control over the communicable diseases, it is evident that the life expectancy in all the countries of Asia has remarkably increased. The risk of cancer increases with age and also with increasing urbanization, changing lifestyles and obesity changed the cancer pattern and increased the cancer burden in the Asian countries (Shen et al. 2013). Asia is known to be the home for half of the poorest population of the world and this act as a determinant as cancer is associated with both higher and lower socioeconomic conditions which contribute to the cancer burden and pattern in Asia. Despite the burden that is growing on the continent, the priority of healthcare expenditure and planning in most of the Asian countries is low (Pourhoseingholi 2012). This assignment will be on the topic An investigation into cancer rates in Asian countries, the causes, consequences an d preventative measures and will provide an extensive literature review along with the statistical data and their key significance. It is believed that the rates of cancer progression in the Asian countries are growing that has to be studied to know the consequences of the growth and the applicable preventive measures. Rates of Cancer in Asian Countries Asia is a continent with diverse cultures and the variations lie in socio-cultural traditions and practices, social norms, ethnicity and dietary customs. These factors are well reflected in the burdens and patterns of cancer in the different regions of the continent. Kimman et al. (2012) conducted a research work to reveal the most recent data available on the rates and burden of cancer prevailing in the ASEAN region. The researchers estimated that about 500,000 cases of cancer deaths and 700,000 new cases of the dreaded disease are reported every year and the majority of them include lung, liver and breast cancer. About 4 million females and 3.6 million males are living with cancer in the countries of Asia and the median age of cancer occurrence has been from 19 years to 44 years. A similar study was carried out by Park et al. (2016) to demonstrate the incidence of colorectal cancer in five countries of Asia and observed that the trend is increasing in the Asian countries chiefly due to the increased rate of colon cancer and not due to rectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is recognized as the fourth most occurring cancer in the continent of Asia and was found to be the highest among the men of Korea (51.39%) and lowest among the women of Israel (26.60%). From a different perspective, the argument was continued by Zhang et al. (2011) as they carried out a research work to examine and determine the incidence of prostate cancer among the Asian men. The authors found that the mortality to incidence, mortality and incidence rates of cancer in Asian men was found to be 0.44, 59,643 and 7.2 cases per 105 per year respectively. However, Chang et al. (2014) studied the intensity of hospital spending and the outcomes of cancer in the Asian countries which was a combined argument to both the previous studies. The authors found that the hospital spending index which was the highest for colorectal cancer with 30.2% and the lowest for prostate cancer with 6.2%. From the reviewed literature, it was hypothesized that the rate of cancer is increasing in Asia and this is evident from the registered new cases and deaths. The strengths of the reviewed consisted of their accuracy of information to exhibit the menace of the disease and the weakness consisted of their validity of findings with the lack of segmentation of the incidence of the individual cancer types. Therefore, it is concluded that the majority of the cancer is among the females that start at the young age of 19 and the hospital spending is mostly on colorectal cancer. Causes of Cancer in Asian Countries The causative factors of cancer in the Asian countries consist of the socio-cultural and lifestyle factors that have caused an increase in the prevalence of breast cancer. Using smokeless tobacco in the southern and southeastern countries has increased the oral cavity cancer rates. Dietary patterns and Helicobacter pylori infection are responsible for the high prevalence of stomach cancer. In this regard, Long et al. (2012) carried out a research work and found that the risk of prostate cancer is associated with diabetes mellitus and since the disease has a high prevalence among the Asian men, it supports the development of prostate cancer. Various factors are associated with the occurrence of diabetes like family history, environmental factors and medication use duration that also affects the occurrence of prostate cancer. Therefore, alteration in any of these factors will also modify the incidence rates. Apart from this, alcohol, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet are also the causative factors of cancer. Ng et al. (2015) carried on with the argument with their research work for determining the relationship that exists between the geographical regions, country income and cancer pattern in Asia and investigate the causes of cancer in the continent. The authors found that the developing countries in Asia are having a rising incidence of cancer primarily due to low fiber diet, obesity and high fat, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking and living a cancer-related lifestyle. However, Kristina, Endarti Thavorncharoensap (2016) narrowed the argument with their research work to attribute the burden of cancer to tobacco smoking in the South Asian countries. The authors found that about 22% of the cancer deaths are due to the smoking of tobacco in the low, middle and high-income countries in Asia. Lin et al. (2013) on a different perspective found that hepatitis B and C virus are the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. Only about 3 5% of the patients survive the long term suffering of liver cancer. The reviewed literature developed the hypothesis that there are several causative factors for the different types of cancer in the Asian countries. The strength of the literature was that they provided a detailed account of the various types of cancer in Asia however, with the limitation of their lack of information about their prevalence among men and women according to their causative factors, apart from prostate and breast cancer. Therefore, it can be concluded that identification of these causative factors can be vital for control of cancer in Asia. Consequences of Cancer in Asian Countries The consequences of cancer can be dreadful for a continent like Asia where there are several developing countries and cancer can further aggravate the poverty. This can be either due to the impact of the disease on the ability of the people to work or due to the cost of managing and treating the illness. In this respect, McCormack and Boffetta (2011) conducted a research work that reflected the consequences of lifestyles that can lead to the development of cancer particularly in the middle and low-income countries of Asia. This population is subjected to disposable income and open markets that make them consume alcohol, tobacco and expose them to more sedentary occupations and lifestyles. This leads to the development of prostrate, breast and colon cancer among the Asians. Kimman et al. (2015) carried on with the argument and stated that cancer could have a deleterious effect on the lives of the Asian people resulting in a financial catastrophe. Poor survival and adverse economic out comes were identified among 75% of the new patients who die within a year due to socioeconomic disadvantages and advance diagnostic stage. Kimman et al. (2012) studied the impact and consequences of cancer on an Asian context and found that the countries that lack an effective and comprehensive system of social health insurance get affected the most. Without these social safety nets, the survival, treatment costs, quality of life of the patients, their households and their economic circumstances all comes under threat. The healthcare expenditure that goes out of pocket usually exceeds 30% of the income of the household leading to economic hardship, psychological distress and illness induced poverty. Mak et al. (2014) carried out a study on a positive note to mark the consequences of cancer which posed work related challenges that are faced by the survivors of cancer. The unintended social consequences have also been discussed by the authors to exhibit the interaction between the cancer survivors and their workplace. From the literature, a hypothesis can be deduced which states that cancer can have its consequences in every aspect of life. The strength of the literature was the detailed investigation of the impact of cancer on the lives of the patient and the weakness of the literature was the lack of information on the medical consequences of cancer management that includes the adverse reactions. Therefore, on the conclusion, it can be stated that the dreadful consequences of cancer not only affects the patient personally but also on a professional scale. Preventive Measures of Cancer in Asian Countries The emerging and existing cancer burden and patterns in the various Asian countries require its political recognition as an important problem of public health. Balanced investment is also essential in the professional and public awareness. To stress more on the preventive measures, D'cruz et al. (2013) conducted a research work to state that the preventive measure of head and neck cancer is largely dependent on the site and stage of the tumor. Appropriate treatment due to early diagnosis is crucial for increasingly the likelihood of survival and cure. From the perspectives of hepatocellular carcinoma, Han et al. (2011) opined that ablation or surgery are the curative therapies for the disease that can prevent its spreading in the body of the Asian patients. Palliative treatment with guidelines and staging systems can be the affective measure along with chemotherapy by hepatic arterial infusion and external radiation. The outcome of the treatment is largely dependent on the size of th e tumor and the preventive measure is dependent on the status of the tumor-like extrahepatic spread and major vessel invasion. Going on with the argument, Monn, Tatem Cheng (2016) found that prostate cancer has adopted an aggressive mode in the Asian men that requires adequate preventive measures. This begins with the screening process with biomarkers and pathological evaluations help in the early identification of cancer which can be adopted as a preventive measure. This can be economically beneficial for the patient and can make the management of the disease more effective and rapid. A further argument was raised by Yeoh et al. (2013) for the prevention of lymphoblastic leukemia with supportive care and risk-directed treatment. Educational programs and social support can improve the substantial outcome of the treatment. For the children and adult, optimum treatment results can be obtained by integrating oncology treatment with palliative treatment. From the reviewed literature, it can be hypothesized that different types of cancers require different preventive measures. The strength of the reviewed literature lies on the fact that various novel preventive measures have been discussed for various types of cancers however, the limitation is that there is a dearth of information on the adaptation of the preventive measures during different stages of cancer. Therefore, it can be concluded by stating that appropriate implementation of the preventive measures is crucial for the effective management of cancer in the Asian context. Conclusion On critically appraising the literature on the research topic of prevalence and control of cancer in Asian countries, it can be stated that several hypotheses arise from the rates, causes, consequences and preventive measures of cancer in Asia. On critical examination, it can be concluded that the mortality rates due to cancer in Asia are increasing with few of cancer having higher prevalence compared to few of the cancers that have a lower proportion of occurrence. The progress has to be checked especially in the developing countries to prevent the spread of the disease and improve the public health of the community with appropriate medical interventions and developed healthcare policies. References Chang, T., Huang, K., Chang, C., Lin, C., Su, Y. Lee, C. 2014, "The association of hospital spending intensity and cancer outcomes: a population-based study in an Asian country",The oncologist,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 990-998. Chen, R., Ren, S., Yiu, M.K., Fai, N.C., Cheng, W.S., Ian, L.H., Naito, S., Matsuda, T., Kehinde, E., Kural, A. and Chiu, J.Y., 2014. Prostate cancer in Asia: a collaborative report.Asian Journal of Urology,1(1), pp.15-29. D'cruz, A., Lin, T., Anand, A.K., Atmakusuma, D., Calaguas, M.J., Chitapanarux, I., Cho, B.C., Goh, B.C., Guo, Y., Hsieh, W.S., Hu, C., Kwong, D., Lin, J.C., Lou, P.J., Lu, T., Prabhash, K., Sriuranpong, V., Tang, P., Vu, V.V., Wahid, I., Ang, K.K. Chan, A.T. 2013, "Consensus recommendations for management of head and neck cancer in Asian countries: a review of international guidelines",Oral oncology,vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 872. Han, K., Kudo, M., Ye, S., Choi, J.Y., Poon, R.T., Seong, J., Park, J., Ichida, T., Chung, J.W., Chow, P. Cheng, A. 2011, "Asian Consensus Workshop Report: Expert Consensus Guideline for the Management of Intermediate and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Asia",Oncology,vol. 81, no. s1, pp. 158-164. Ian, L.H., Naito, S., Matsuda, T., Kehinde, E., Kural, A., Chiu, J.Y., Umbas, R., Wei, Q., Shi, X., Zhou, L. and Huang, J., 2014. Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report. Kimman, M., Jan, S., Kingston, D., Monaghan, H., Sokha, E., Thabrany, H., Bounxouei, B., Bhoo-Pathy, N., Khin, M., Cristal-Luna, G. and Khuhaprema, T., 2012. Socioeconomic impact of cancer in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): the ACTION study protocol.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,13(2), pp.421-425. Kimman, M., Jan, S., Yip, C.H., Thabrany, H., Peters, S.A., Bhoo-Pathy, N., Woodward, M., ACTION Study Group The ACTION Study Group 2015, "Catastrophic health expenditure and 12-month mortality associated with cancer in Southeast Asia: results from a longitudinal study in eight countries",BMC medicine,vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 190. Kimman, M., Norman, R., Jan, S., Kingston, D. and Woodward, M., 2012. The burden of cancer in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention,13(2), pp.411-420. Kristina, S.A., Endarti, D. Thavorncharoensap, M. 2016, "Burden of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 2012",Cancer Epidemiology,vol. 44, pp. 84-90. Lin, H., Ha, N.B., Ahmed, A., Ayoub, W., Daugherty, T.J., Lutchman, G.A., Garcia, G. Nguyen, M.H. 2013, "Both HCV and HBV are Major Causes of Liver Cancer in Southeast Asians",Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1023-1029. Long, X.J., Lin, S., Sun, Y.N. and Zheng, Z.F., 2012. Diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer risk in Asian countries: a meta-analysis.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,13(8), pp.4097-4100. Mak, A.K.Y., Chaidaroon, S., Fan, G. Thalib, F. 2014, "Unintended consequences: the social context of cancer survivors and work",Journal of Cancer Survivorship,vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 269-281. McCormack, V.A. and Boffetta, P., 2011. Today's lifestyles, tomorrow's cancers: trends in lifestyle risk factors for cancer in low-and middle-income countries.Annals of Oncology,22(11), pp.2349-2357. Monn, M.F., Tatem, A.J. Cheng, L. 2016, "Prevalence and management of prostate cancer among East Asian men: Current trends and future perspectives",Urologic oncology,vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 58.e1-58.e9. Ng, C.J., Teo, C.H., Abdullah, N., Tan, W.P. Tan, H.M. 2015, "Relationships between cancer pattern, country income and geographical region in Asia",BMC cancer,vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 613. Park, H., Woo, H., Jung, S.J., Jung, K., Shin, H. Shin, A. 2016, "Colorectal cancer incidence in 5 Asian countries by subsite: An analysis of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (19982007)",Cancer Epidemiology,vol. 45, pp. 65-70. Pourhoseingholi, M.A., 2012. Increased burden of colorectal cancer in Asia.World J Gastrointest Oncol,4(4), pp.68-70. Sankaranarayanan, R., Ramadas, K. and Qiao, Y.L., 2014. Managing the changing burden of cancer in Asia.BMC medicine,12(1), p.1. Shen, L., Shan, Y.S., Hu, H.M., Price, T.J., Sirohi, B., Yeh, K.H., Yang, Y.H., Sano, T., Yang, H.K., Zhang, X. and Park, S.R., 2013. Management of gastric cancer in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines.The lancet oncology,14(12), pp.e535-e547. Sugano, S., 2014. Cross-boundary Cancer Studies at the University of Tokyo: Using Genome Science to Decipher Cancer in Asia.Japanese journal of clinical oncology,44(suppl 1), pp.i17-i21. Xie, S.H. and Lagergren, J., 2016. Time trends in the incidence of oesophageal cancer in Asia: Variations across populations and histological types.Cancer Epidemiology,44, pp.71-76. Yeoh, A.E.J., Tan, D., Li, C., Hori, H., Tse, E., Pui, C. Asian Oncology Summit 2013 2013, "Management of adult and paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013",The Lancet. Oncology,vol. 14, no. 12, pp. e508-e523. Zhang, L., Yang, B.X., Zhang, H.T., Wang, J.G., Wang, H.L. and Zhao, X.J., 2011. Prostate cancer: an emerging threat to the health of aging men in Asia.Asian J Androl,13(4), pp.574-578.